Aggregate Planning Problem in the IQ Company

Aggregate Planning Problem in the IQ Company It is imperative to underscore the fact that laptop and desktop computers are currently being released by the IQ Company. This company has been performing this task through a contract system.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Aggregate Planning Problem in the IQ Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are two categories of laptops that are considered to be most effective for use since they have become extremely popular among various users. These include the ten inches and 14 inches models. These models of laptops have been manufactured with special computing configuration in mind. However, the most important factor to consider in the sale of these two laptop models is that they are mainly on high demand during the two major seasons namely fall and spring. A company like IQ may find it quite cumbersome to predict the demand for either a laptop or desktop computer in years to come bearing in mind that such products are introduced in the market when the user experience has not been known. In other words, it takes a considerable length of time for users to acquaint themselves with the new products before they can eventually share their opinions. One of the reasons why estimating future demand may be cumbersome is the fact that high variance is usually included when manufacturing the laptop and desktop computers. The demand for these computers on any given period has to be adjusted accordingly by the manufacturer. This is attained by making sure that the production period is modified using an optimal approach.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The demand for each of the computer product has to be assessed on a monthly basis so as to avoid under production or excess supply of the products. As such, there are quite a number of factors that determine the optimal rate of production. These include the quantity of products that have been outsourced, the number of employees, the costs incurred for overtime, the ordinary cost of labor as well as the optimal cost. These factors are vital in determining the overall value or pricing of products manufactured by the company. It is also vital to mention that this company mainly deals with the process of assembling various laptop parts before they can eventually be released into the market. Therefore, this nature of production is largely affected by the capacity of employees who have been hired to work on a daily basis. If these employees fail to perform their duties as expected, then the company may find itself at a loss. In addition, hiring more employees may sometimes not be the solution towards meeting labor demands. It is only the ability of the hired employees to perform that will make a difference in the entire process. There are also cost implications for firing employees who are performing below th e expectation of the company. Hence, the company should be keener during the process of hiring employees so that only the best and most capable workers are absorbed in the system. Moreover, overtime hours among employees certified by IQ should be utilized to the optimum in order to cut down labor costs and other associated expenses.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Aggregate Planning Problem in the IQ Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On a final note, it is vital for the computing organization to have a good estimate of the demand peak season so that the right quantity is supplied to the market. A built up inventory can also be utilized when anticipating the peak demand period. In other terms, the available inventory levels should be used in the most appropriate manner.

Slash and Burn Agriculture Explanation

Slash and Burn Agriculture Explanation Slash and burn agriculture is the process of cutting down the vegetation in a particular plot of land, setting fire to the remaining foliage, and using the ashes to provide nutrients to the soil for the  use of planting food crops. The cleared area following slash and burn, also known as swidden, is used for a relatively short period of time, and then left alone for a longer period of time so that vegetation can grow again. For this reason, this type of agriculture is also known as shifting cultivation. Steps to Slash and Burn Generally, the following steps are taken in slash and burn agriculture: Prepare the field by cutting down vegetation; plants that provide food or timber may be left standing.The downed vegetation is allowed to dry until just before the rainiest part of the year to ensure an effective burn.The plot of land is burned to remove vegetation, drive away pests, and provide a burst of nutrients for planting.Planting is done directly in the ashes left after the burn. Cultivation (the preparation of land for planting crops) on the plot is done for a few years  until the fertility of the formerly burned land is reduced. The plot is left alone for longer than it was cultivated, sometimes up to 10 or more years, to allow wild vegetation to grow on the plot of land. When vegetation has grown again, the slash and burn process may be repeated. Geography of Slash and Burn Agriculture Slash and burn agriculture is most often practiced in places where open land for farming is not readily available because of dense vegetation. These regions include central Africa, northern South America, and Southeast Asia. Such farming is typically done within grasslands and rainforests. Slash and burn is a method of agriculture primarily used by tribal communities for subsistence farming (farming to survive). Humans have practiced this method for about 12,000 years, ever since the transition known as the Neolithic Revolution- the time when humans stopped hunting and gathering and started to stay put and grow crops. Today, between 200 and 500 million people use slash and burn agriculture, roughly 7% of the world’s population. When done properly, slash and burn agriculture provides communities with a source of food and income. Slash and burn allows people to farm in places where it usually is not possible because of dense vegetation, soil infertility, low soil nutrient content, uncontrollable pests, or other reasons. Negative Aspects of Slash and Burn Many critics claim that slash and burn agriculture contributes to a number of persistent environmental problems. They include: Deforestation: When practiced by large populations, or when fields are not given sufficient time for vegetation to grow back, there is a temporary or permanent loss of forest cover.Erosion: When fields are slashed, burned, and cultivated next to each other in rapid succession, roots and temporary water storages are lost and unable to prevent nutrients from leaving the area permanently.Nutrient Loss: For the same reasons, fields may gradually lose the fertility they once had. The result may be desertification, a situation in which land becomes infertile and unable to support the growth of any kind.Biodiversity Loss: When plots of land area are cleared, the various plants and animals that lived there are swept away. If a particular area is the only one that holds a particular species, slashing and burning could result in extinction for that species. Because slash and burn agriculture is often practiced in tropical regions where biodiversity is extremely high, endangerment and extinctio n may be magnified. The negative aspects above are interconnected, and when one happens, typically another happens also. These issues may come about because of irresponsible practices of slash and burn agriculture by large numbers of people. Knowledge of the ecosystem of the area and agricultural skills may provide ways to practice slash and burn agriculture in restorative, sustainable ways.

Strategic Management of International Enterprises Essay

Strategic Management of International Enterprises - Essay Example (Savitsky & Burky, 2004). Globalization continues to grow in its effort for a coherent global economy previously separated by culture, geography, or nationality. Global competition, entry strategies, strategic timing and positioning, the government rules and policies, the local culture, investments, and the target market are some of the issues that confront companies wanting to expand overseas. Due to globalization, situation has altered to keep pace with the changes. Nevertheless, challenges remain and this report presents how Motorola faced the challenges like ethical and corporate social responsibility, cultural diversity, and marketing strategies. Motorola is a global leader in wireless, automotive and broadband communications. Motorola possesses world class technologies in global procurement rules and channel which it applied globally. It has an excellent marketing strategy. Motorola has established themselves as quality leaders and were early winners of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in the USA. Motorola is admired as the role model for corporate excellence. According to the Fortune Magazine, Motorola is the titan of TQM, the epitome of empowerment, tribune of training, icon of innovation and prince of profits (Winston, 1996). Reconciling with the local government is an important factor for any MNC to enter a market. Motorola identified telecommunications as an important field which the government of any country is concerned about. Accordingly, they put the highest priority in reconciliation with the local government. It responded to China’s reform and liberalization policies and formulated strategies to target China’s domestic market. Before entering the market it determined certain investment fields and investment amounts with a clear vision from the beginning of the position it wanted to attain in China. Its clear-cut investment policy and insiderization efforts contributed to its success in China (Hara & Nakanishi, 2004). It

Educational Policies in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Educational Policies in Britain - Essay Example Copyright Higher Education Statistics Agency Ltd. 2005 From HESA, accessed 2006-04-26 Data for figure 6.5 Students' expenditure by type, 2002/03 England & Wales Percentages Living costs 68 Housing costs 19 Participation costs 14 Source: Student Income and Expenditure Survey, South Bank University 1997 1998 1999 2000 Current expenditure /98 /99 /00 /01 Universities .. .. .. .. Other Higher, Further and adult education .. .. .. .. Higher Education Funding Council 5,693 4,726 5,166 5,813 Further Education Funding Council 3,718 5,064 5,216 5,167 2001 Continuing Education 1,960 .. .. .. /02 Other education expenditure 1,355 4,611 4,278 3,861 .. .. .. 5,813 5,628 5,167 6,810 .. .. 3,861 3,989 From HESA, accessed 2006-04-26 The government expenditure on education in terms of higher education funding has remained stable since 1997 receiving up to 5628millions in 2001-2002. Comparatively further education funding council received funding of 6810 million and other education expenditure of the government was at 3,989 million (HESA, 2006). Percentage of students opting for loans seems to have risen considerably and the data show that students seeking funding have risen from 41% in 1992-93 to 64% in 1997-1998. The table below shows the percentage of students who depend on funding for external or state sources, loans or grants 1992-93 41 1993-94 47 1994-95 55 1995-96 59 1996-97 62 1997-98 64 From HESA, accessed 2006-04-26 The tables that we have considered could be analyzed comparatively for government expenditure against student requirements. As we see from the statistical data on student... The government expenditure on education in terms of higher education funding has remained stable since 1997 receiving up to 5628millions in 2001-2002. Comparatively further education funding council received funding of 6810 million and other education expenditure of the government was at 3,989 million (HESA, 2006). Percentage of students opting for loans seems to have risen considerably and the data show that students seeking funding have risen from 41% in 1992-93 to 64% in 1997-1998. The table below shows the percentage of students who depend on funding for external or state sources, loans or grants The tables that we have considered could be analyzed comparatively for government expenditure against student requirements. As we see from the statistical data on student expenditure, student borrowing, financial requirements and expenditure have gone up considerably since 1992-93 when borrowing for instance was only at 41% compared with 1997-98 with at least 64% of students depending on external funding. The chart on student expenditure shows living costs and education costs at 68% of total expenditure for students.

Abuelitas Beans Essay Example for Free

Abuelitas Beans Essay Nothing can be more enticing to a nose than waking up to the delicious aroma of simmering beans. The scent compels one to peal away the comforter and stagger into the kitchen for a bowl of creamy delicious beans. Pinto beans have been a staple in Mexican cuisine for hundreds of years, and every family has his/her own recipe. I recall, as a young girl growing up in a large, Mexican family, that there was always a large pot of legumes ready to nourish twelve mouths for less than five-dollars. Dad always ended his meal rubbing his barrel stomach while saying his favorite aphorism, â€Å"Pansa llena, corazon contento† (â€Å"Full belly, happy heart†), which always meant that the beans were delicious. Here is Abuelita’s recipe to fill the tummy of those that are endearing to one’s heart. Cooking beans really is not that hard. First, gather the supplies needed: one, five-quart slow-cooker with a ceramic liner with a glass lid cover, a sturdy plastic cooking spoon ( Abuelita always said that one should never stir the beans with a metal spoon or they will stick and burn. I obey her. ), one-pound dried pinto beans, one-half aromatic white onion, two fresh garlic cloves, water, and two tablespoons kosher salt. Several people have asked me, â€Å"Why a slow-cooker? † Well, all the women in the family cook the legumes in a cazuela (an earthenware pot made of clay). The cookware is either given to the bride at her wedding with hopes that her culinary endeavors will produce a happy marriage, or it is an inheritance from her mother or grandmother. The beans have a better taste if cooked in the cazuela, at least that is what the women in my family declare. I on the other hand, embrace the beauty of the slow cooker; it frees me to leave the house to run errands, and I have never endured stinky-burned beans. Once all the supplies and ingredients have been gathered and prepped, proceed by placing beans in a colander. Rinse the beans and run them through one’s hands to make sure debris is washed away, and small stones are picked out. Put the beans into the slow-cooker and cover them with water. Furthermore, add all the ingredients in the cooker. Except for the salt. Set the temperature at high for six to eight hours. After one hour, the earthy aroma starts to penetrate the whole house, reminding one of what will be for consumption. Please, if you want plump beans do not stir the beans during the first two hours. After approximately three hours, check to see if water is needed, due to water evaporation, and the legumes absorb a lot of water. Always add hot water never cold because the cold temperature lowers the heat and toughens the beans. Once another three hours has past, test the legumes for doneness. I was told when one bites into a bean, it should be soft and creamy. As a result from respecting the process, and not disturbing them, the pot liquid will have thickened leaving a delicious dark chocolate color broth for a healthy soup. Lastly, but not least, it is time to salt the beans. Add two tablespoons of kosher salt and stir with a wooden or plastic spoon. Go ahead and taste the broth and decide if more salt is needed. Always remember to gradually add salt to the beans since adding is easier than extracting. In the end, set the temperature to warm and ladle beans into the bowl of one’s choice. In conclusion, if an individual follows these simple steps of gathering supplies, for example, a slow-cooker, it will make the process of cooking worry free. Basically, pinto beans are easy to make, but easier to consume any time of day, resulting in everyone rubbing his/her tummy’s with contentment. â€Å"Buen Provecho! †(Enjoy your meal).

Spain :: essays research papers

Population The Spanish people are essentially a mixture of the indigenous peoples of the Iberian Peninsula with the successive peoples who conquered the peninsula and occupied it for extended periods. These added ethnologic elements include the Romans, a Mediterranean people, and the Suevi, Vandals, and Visigoths (see GOTHS), Teutonic peoples. Semitic elements are also present. Several ethnic groups in Spain have kept a separate identity, culturally and linguistically. These include the Basques (Euskal-dun), who number about 2.5 million and live chiefly around the Bay of Biscay; the Galicians, numbering about 2.5 million, who live in northwestern Spain; and the nomadic Spanish Gypsies (Gitanos; see GYPSIES). Population Characteristics The population of Spain (1991) was 38,872,268. The estimate for 1993 was 39,207,159; the overall density was about 78 people per sq km (about 201 per sq mi). Spain in increasingly urban with more than three-fourths of the population in towns and cities. "Spain," Microsoft (R) Encarta. Copyright (c) 1994 Microsoft Corporation. Copyright (c) 1994 Funk & Wagnall's Corporation. Forestry and Fishing The cork-oak tree is the principal forest resource of Spain, and the annual production of cork, more than 110,000 metric tons in the mid-1980s, is second only to that of Portugal. The yield of Spain's forests is insufficient for the country's wood-pulp and timber needs. The fishing industry is important to the Spanish economy. The annual catch was about 1.5 million metric tons in 1990 and consisted primarily of tuna, squid, octopus, hake, sardines, anchovies, mackerel, blue whiting, and mussels. Mining The mineral wealth of Spain is considerable. In 1990 annual production included about 36 million metric tons of coal and lignite, 1.5 million tons of iron ore, 255,000 tons of zinc concentrates, 58,400 tons of lead, 5 million tons of gypsum, and 795,000 tons of crude petroleum. The principal coal mines are in the northwest, near Oviedo; the chief iron-ore deposits are in the same area, around Santander and Bilbao; large mercury reserves are located in Almadà ©n, in southwestern Spain, and copper and lead are mined in Andalusia. Other minerals produced are potash, manganese, fluorite, tin, tungsten, wolfram, bismuth, antimony, cobalt, and rock salt. Manufacturing Among the leading goods manufactured in Spain are textiles, iron and steel, motor vehicles, chemicals, clothing, footwear, ships, refined petroleum, and cement. Spain is one of the world's leading wine producers, and the annual output in the late 1980s was about 2.3 million metric tons. The iron and steel industry, centered in Bilbao, Santander, Oviedo, and Avilà ©s, produced about 13.

Interpersonal Communication Application Paper

â€Å"I have never been the same person alone that I am with people. † (Phillip Roth) I can directly relate with this quote, I’m sure quite a few people can. So often, we act differently in private than we do with others. Of course, it’s all dependent upon who the ‘others’ are. For example, we may feel more comfortable being our true selves with our friends and become more reserved with colleagues. This is not necessarily how all humans behave, some folks have no problem being exactly who they are at all times no matter whose company they are in.I admire this quality when it is not coming from someone I perceive as obnoxious. Certainly, factors such as perception, culture, and the people we are communicating with will influence how we behave in public as opposed to private. Most immediately, I think how we perceive ourselves and how we think other people perceive us will influence our behavior in given situations. We’re all so different and ou r experiences tend to shape our personalities. Some of us are naturally outgoing and social, while others are more introverted and feel best without the company of others.Both scenarios present their own challenges and behaviors will be influenced by these tendencies. It’s generally very easy and preferred for the introverted personality to go through their day without the company of another, while a more extroverted individual might feel very lonely without another’s company. How these two behave in group functions will also vary. The outgoing individual will be very much in his element, and more likely to be cheerful and positive. An introverted person will be more shy and standoffish within the group.These are merely characteristics that go together, as presented in the book under the implicit personality theory. In either case, the behavior of the individual will vary whether they are alone or with people. And this scenario is a more natural occurrence. Sometimes s ituations arise where we want others to see us as something we are not and we’ll present ourselves in a certain manner that is not true to who we are, just to fit in or gain the trust of that particular group. When alone, we may let ourselves behave more naturally and feel less obliged to pretend.Cultures also influence how we behave in public and alone. Some cultures do not allow women to be in public without a headdress, while at home they are allowed to be more relaxed. In our American culture, Christianity teaches that women should be submissive to their husbands, so behaviors will exemplify this in a church setting or when out with church friends. At home, the wife may be the one who makes the final decisions, and the family will behave as such in that particular setting. Finally, the people with which we are communicating will impact what we say and how we say it.We communicate very differently when alone with our romantic partner, as opposed to being with him or her in public. The same is true for our relationships with parents, siblings, neighbors, casual friends or close friends. The words we choose and the tone that we use with any of these communications will vary from person to person and in private or amongst others. Every situation is completely unique. As a novelist, Phillip Roth presented many fine quotes with regard to communication. It was a good exercise to apply what I’ve learned from the text and be able to expand upon this particular quotation. Interpersonal Communication Application Paper â€Å"I have never been the same person alone that I am with people. † (Phillip Roth) I can directly relate with this quote, I’m sure quite a few people can. So often, we act differently in private than we do with others. Of course, it’s all dependent upon who the ‘others’ are. For example, we may feel more comfortable being our true selves with our friends and become more reserved with colleagues. This is not necessarily how all humans behave, some folks have no problem being exactly who they are at all times no matter whose company they are in.I admire this quality when it is not coming from someone I perceive as obnoxious. Certainly, factors such as perception, culture, and the people we are communicating with will influence how we behave in public as opposed to private. Most immediately, I think how we perceive ourselves and how we think other people perceive us will influence our behavior in given situations. We’re all so different and ou r experiences tend to shape our personalities. Some of us are naturally outgoing and social, while others are more introverted and feel best without the company of others.Both scenarios present their own challenges and behaviors will be influenced by these tendencies. It’s generally very easy and preferred for the introverted personality to go through their day without the company of another, while a more extroverted individual might feel very lonely without another’s company. How these two behave in group functions will also vary. The outgoing individual will be very much in his element, and more likely to be cheerful and positive. An introverted person will be more shy and standoffish within the group.These are merely characteristics that go together, as presented in the book under the implicit personality theory. In either case, the behavior of the individual will vary whether they are alone or with people. And this scenario is a more natural occurrence. Sometimes s ituations arise where we want others to see us as something we are not and we’ll present ourselves in a certain manner that is not true to who we are, just to fit in or gain the trust of that particular group. When alone, we may let ourselves behave more naturally and feel less obliged to pretend.Cultures also influence how we behave in public and alone. Some cultures do not allow women to be in public without a headdress, while at home they are allowed to be more relaxed. In our American culture, Christianity teaches that women should be submissive to their husbands, so behaviors will exemplify this in a church setting or when out with church friends. At home, the wife may be the one who makes the final decisions, and the family will behave as such in that particular setting. Finally, the people with which we are communicating will impact what we say and how we say it.We communicate very differently when alone with our romantic partner, as opposed to being with him or her in public. The same is true for our relationships with parents, siblings, neighbors, casual friends or close friends. The words we choose and the tone that we use with any of these communications will vary from person to person and in private or amongst others. Every situation is completely unique. As a novelist, Phillip Roth presented many fine quotes with regard to communication. It was a good exercise to apply what I’ve learned from the text and be able to expand upon this particular quotation.

How to Brush Your Teeth Properly

How to Brush Your Teeth Properly Proper teeth brushing involves four things; a soft toothbrush, the correct angle of brushing, brushing in a pattern and brushing at least twice a day, after breakfast and before bedtime. Proper tools and ingredients to brushing your teeth properly is, a soft toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. A soft tooth brush also makes it much easier to remove plaque below the gum line. This is where periodontal disease starts. Use a pea-sized amount of toothpaste that contains fluoride.Apply it to the soft brush. It might stop a cavity in its tracks and give you more resistance to future cavities. Angle the bristle of the brush along the gum line. At a 45 degree angle, apply firm pressure so the bristles slide under the gum line. Vibrate the brush while you use short back and forth circular motions. Brush two or three teeth at a time, then move to the next teeth. Tilt the brush so you can use the tip of the brush to brush the backs of your front teeth.It's fine t o brush any regular pattern you choose, but since the insides of your teeth get less attention you might want to start with the insides of the upper teeth then go to the insides of the lower teeth. Switch to the outsides of the upper teeth, then the lower teeth. Brush the chewing surfaces of the upper teeth then the lower teeth. End by gently brushing your tongue and the roof of your mouth. This removes germs and keeps you breath fresh. Properly brushing your teeth will simply keep the dentist away.Brushing your teeth is a preventive method to keep your mouth staying healthy, looking great, and having fresh berth throughout the day. Your mouth carries many different germs and sometimes bad breath. Brushing your teeth twice daily is about the best habit you can get in. There are other methods used to help aid brushing you teeth such as dental flossing and mouthwash. Those are other important roles that you should take when taking action of keeping your mouth healthy. So everyday, twi ce a day you shall take these simple steps into action when trying to brush your teeth.

Differences Between Semantics and General Semantics

Differences Between Semantics and General Semantics General semantics is a discipline and/or methodology intended to improve the ways people interact with their environment and with one another, especially through training in the critical use of words and other symbols. The term general semantics was  introduced by Alfred Korzybski in the book  Science and Sanity  (1933). In his Handbook of Semiotics (1995),  Winfried Nà ¶th observes that General Semantics is based on the assumption that historical languages are only inadequate tools for the cognition of reality, are misleading in verbal communication, and may have negative effects on our nervous systems. Semantics vs. General Semantics According to Kodish and Kodish General semantics provides a general theory of evaluation. We can consider what we mean when we refer to this system by comparing it with semantics as people usually use the term. Semantics involves the study of language meanings. For example, when were interested in the word unicorn, what dictionaries say it means and its history of meanings, and what it might refer to, we are involved in semantics. General semantics involves such language concerns, but also involves much broader issues. Using general semantics, were concerned with understanding how we evaluate, with the inner life of each individual, with how each of us experiences and makes sense of our experiences, with how we use language and how language uses us. While were interested in what the word unicorn refers to and how a dictionary might define it, we have more interest in the person using the word, with the kind of evaluating that might lead people to look for unicorns in their back yards. Do they think that they have found some? Do they re-evaluate their search when they dont find any? Do they investigate how they came to be looking for unicorns? How are they experiencing the search? How do they talk about it? How are they experiencing the process of evaluating what has happened? General semantics involves an interrelated set of elements, which, taken together, can help us answer these and similar questions. (Susan Presby Kodish and Bruce I. Kodish, Drive Yourself Sane: Using the Uncommon Sense of General Semantics, 2nd ed. Extensional Publishing, 2001) Korzybski on General Semantics General Semantics turned out to be an empirical natural science of non-elementalistic evaluation, which takes into account the living individual, not divorcing him from his reactions altogether, nor from his neuro-linguistic and neuro-semantic environments, but allocating him in a plenum of some values, no matter what (Alfred Korzybski, preface to the third edition of Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, 1947).Alfred Korzybski (1879-1950), the founder of general semantics, maintained that the structural assumptions implicit in language are of necessity reflected in behavior. . . . Korzybski believed that if, through general semantics, people generally could be trained in the orientations of science in the handling of all their problems (instead of just some of them), many social and personal problems now deemed to be insoluble would prove to be soluble. There is a messianic flavor to Korzybskis writingsa fact which led to the dismissa l of his views in some academic circles. (S.I. Hayakawa, The Use and Misuse of Language. Harper Row, 1962)

The 6 Types of Togas Worn in Ancient Rome

The 6 Types of Togas Worn in Ancient Rome The Roman emperor Caesar Augustus referred to his own Roman citizenry as the toga-clad people- and with reason. While the basic style of a toga- a shawl draped over the shoulder- was worn by the ancient Etruscans and, later, the Greeks, the toga went through several changes before finally becoming the classic Roman item of clothing. Toga A Roman toga, simply described, is a long piece of fabric draped over the shoulders in one of several ways. It was usually worn over some kind of tunic or other undergarments, and it might be pinned in place by a fibula, a Roman brooch shaped like a modern safety pin. if the toga was decorated at all, the decoration had some symbolic connotations and the toga was arranged to make sure that the design was clearly visible to other people. The toga was an article of clothing that had stately symbolism, and according to the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BCE), it was the earliest dress of both Roman men and women. It can be seen on statues and paintings from as early as 753 BCE, during the earliest years of the Roman Republic. It was common until the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE. Togas worn in the earlier years were quite different from those worn at the end of Roman times. Changes in Style The earliest Roman togas were simple and easy to wear. They consisted of small ovals of wool worn over a tunic-like shirt. Virtually everyone in Rome wore a toga, with the exception of servants and slaves. Over time it grew in size from just over 12 feet (3.7 meters) to 15–18 ft (4.8–5 m). As a result, the semicircular cloth grew more and more cumbersome, difficult to put on, and just about impossible to work in. Typically, one arm was covered with fabric while the other was needed to hold the toga in place; in addition, the woolen fabric was heavy and hot. During the time of Roman rule until about 200 CE, the toga was worn for many occasions. Variations in style and decoration were used to identify people with different positions and social status. Over the years, however, the impracticality of the garment finally led to its end as a piece of daily wear. Six Types of Roman Togas There are six main types of Roman togas, based on their coloration and design, each representing a specific status in Roman society. Toga Pura:Â  Any citizen of Rome might wear the toga pura, a toga made of natural, undyed, whitish wool.Toga Praetexta:Â  If a Roman were a magistrate or a freeborn youth, he might wear a toga with a woven reddish-purple border known as a toga praetexta. Freeborn girls may have worn these as well. At the end of adolescence, a free male citizen put on the white toga virilis or toga pura.Toga Pulla: If the Roman citizen were in mourning, he would wear a darkened toga known as a toga pulla.Toga Candida:Â  If a Roman became a candidate for office, he made his toga pura whiter than normal by rubbing it with chalk. It was then called toga candida, which is where we get the word candidate.Toga Trabea:Â  There was also a toga reserved for elite individuals that had a stripe of purple or saffron, called a toga trabea. Augurs- religious specialists who watched and interpreted the meanings of natural signs- wore a toga trabea with saffron and purple stripes. The purple and white striped tog a trabea was worn by Romulus and other consuls officiating at important ceremonies. Sometimes the property-owning equite class of Roman citizen wore a toga trabea with a narrow purple stripe. Toga Picta:Â  Generals in their triumphs wore toga picta or togas with designs on them, decorated with gold embroidery or appearing in solid colors. The toga picta was worn by praetors celebrating games and by consuls at the time of the emperors. The imperial toga picta worn by the emperor was dyed a solid purple- truly a royal purple.

Differentiate between the humanities and other modes of human and Essay

Differentiate between the humanities and other modes of human and expression - Essay Example The paper will focus on defining the term humanities, distinguish it from the modes of human inquiry and expression and explain the way Art, Music, Architecture, Philosophy, and Literature are reflecting the current development in politics, socioeconomics and technology. Science is entirely separated and segregated into two classes, which include Social science and natural science, but humanities are separate from present day science since it associates with non-scientific approaches in human mode of inquiry (Lyn, 1997). Therefore, humanities are not focused on establishing validated theories and scientific laws; instead, humanities focus on interpretation of the historic and cultural context of art. It also explores the analysis of written text and validation through a comparison with other sources, which relate to presented material from other disciplines such as philosophy, history and sociology. On the other hand, Art, Music, Architecture, Philosophy and Literature have depicted the contemporary development in politics, socioeconomics and technology, for instance, Art has been applied in the process of expressing the social and economic factors. In fact, an exemplary example, relates to a famous artist, Donatello, who made humanistic expressions during the Medieval Times and his sculptures were admired, since he produced marble, bronze and wood. His work was in Gothic style, and this evolved into naturalism, which is known from the classical antiquity. In relation to this, the artists in the present day are using paintings and sculptures to display expressions of human enquiry, in fact, there are different kinds of art that are being enjoyed by people in different museums in the worldwide. Music has been used for worshiping, as a technique of worshiping in religion, and as a way of sending messages. In fact, during the slavery period, the lyrics of slave songs were used to express the need for freedom, and relaying messages to the other slaves. For example, slaves would use music to plan an escape, whereby the hymns offered substantial information like the meeting venue and departure time. Technology has been reflected through Architecture, where there are modern designs being developed through technology. For example, the architects are now using software such as Auto card to make designs. On the other hand, technology is enabling the exploration of arts into distinct past, through deployment of various pieces of art galleries, hence inhabiting them on the web pages; thus, art is being incorporated in art studio around the world, hence offering competition to the museums. Music also has also been integrated with technology leading to a decrease in the use of traditional instruments like trombone, flute and an organ, which were used for composing. In fact, the artists and producers are experiencing challenges of privacy since music can now be easily downloaded without charges from the internet. Literature has also depicted an element of philosophy, whereby different books has been written by various authors aiming to extend knowledge regarding a theory, and his has become vital sources of knowledge. For example, different scholars in the present world are use literature to review ideas from different books in order to provide evidence to support their notions. On the other hand, literature has been integrated w

Mass Customization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mass Customization - Essay Example The market is rapidly evolving as well as products; therefore mass customization will provide an effective means of capturing opportunities in e-commerce. Cameron (1998) stated that customers presently require high quality customized products at low prices as well as quicker delivery. It must be noted that mass customization requires an advance form of technology as well must be properly implemented. According to Pine (1993), mass customization markets are fragmented as well as heterogeneous while in mass production, markets are largely homogeneous. This is a key distinction between the two marketing strategies. Some advantages of mass customization include lowering the cost by giving the consumers exceptional value for their money. The producer is also able to make higher profits by giving them a wider market for their products which are tailor made to fit specific customers. Before taking a short in customization, firms must first find out how the desires of various customers diffe r and the important features in a product to customize. Secondly there is need to ensure that mass customization does not hinder supply chain operations. This calls for a vigorous process design to ensure efficient delivery of customized solutions. Finally there is need to minimize choices so that customers find it easy to select products of their preferred tastes. 1. Product Selection. For the purpose of this study I have selected shoes as a product to be customized. Shoe industry in the United States offers a perfect case for customization. 2. Product variables. The various product variables from with different consumers can choose from include; saddle shoes, sandals, skates, sneakers and loafers. 3. Modular components. The modular components which I will have in hand include feather lite cleats, customized sports shoes and multi style modular shoes. 4. Individual customization. This will involve online research on the various types of shoes available in the market. 5. Steps in ma ss customization in the shoe industry (a) The customer reports to the trained sales agent who directs them on the steps to follow after considering his/her request. (b) The sales agent directs the customer to the shopping flour they chose their favorable style, color as well as texture. (c) The customer then proceeds to the next stage where his/her feet are measured using a computer scanner which is located at the store. (d) The actual measurements are sent to the manufacturer via modem. This takes a short time so that manufacturers in other countries can also be reached. This is done by the trained sales agent. (e) The manufacturer goes through the actual specification so as to emerge with the actual design that was ordered by the customer. (f) Delivery to the customer is the final stage to this process and it should as fast as possible. At this final stage, the consumer is also expected to make final payment for the product on top of the deposit he/ she had made earlier. Conclusio n Mass customization has helped many industries in reducing their operational costs as well as production costs. Inventory losses have also been minimized greatly. This can be achieved by limiting the number of styles and sizes upon which the customer choses from. However numerous challenges have also been witnessed such as failure to